Sensation Seeking And N100 Psychology Essay

Sensation Seeking And N100 Psychology Essay This research seeks to examine the relationship between event-related potentials, specifically the N100 component, and the personality construct of sensation seeking. Nine students enrolled in a university level introductory psychology course received credit for participating in this study. With the use of an electroencephalogram, voltage information in the brain was recorded while the participant listened to auditory stimuli including a target, standard, and random tone. After separating participants based on high and low sensation seeking scores and comparing that with an event-related potential developed from the EEG information it was shown that those high in sensation seeking had higher amplitude and a longer latency at N100 than low sensation seekers. This shows that one of the components of sensation seeking, boredom susceptibility, may have had an effect due to the repetitive presentation of stimuli which resulted in lower amplitude at the N100. Sensation seeking and N100 This study seeks to examine the relationship between levels of sensation seeking and event-related potentials (ERP), specifically the N100 component. Using ERPs to compare with personality constructs is effective because the stimulus can be time-locked to the brain activity that is being recorded and analyzed to see how the person is reacting whether on a conscious or unconscious level. Sensation seeking, as described by Marvin Zuckerman (2007), is a trait defined by the seeking of varied, novel, complex, and intense sensations and experiences, and the willingness to take physical, social, legal, and financial risks for the sake of such experience. Sensation seekers are attracted to high risk sports such as sky diving and mountain climbing, they experiment with a variety of drugs, and are sexually promiscuous in that they have a varied range of sexual partners. High sensation seekers will assess situations as low risk vs. low that will see a higher risk; even still highs will anticipate more positive arousal whereas lows anticipate fear and anxiety. Sensation seeking correlates with dominance and adventurousness, but not with neuroticism or anxiety. High sensation seekers tend to be associated with non-conformist groups and are attracted to abstract stimuli. There are four dimensions of sensation seeking that are used in Zuckermans sensation seeking scale that help determine if a person is a high or low sensation seeker. The first component is thrill and adventure seeking (TAS). If someone is high in TAS they will exert a need to be involved in activities that give them unusual sensations and experiences such as moderately risky sports. This is where activities like mountain climbing and sky diving come into play. The second aspect is experience seeking (ES) which describes the attraction to non-conformist groups. A person scoring high in experience seeking will seek out sensations and new experiences through the mind and the senses and through a nonconforming lifestyle. Activities include things like enjoying abstract art and traveling to new and different places. Disinhibition (DIS) reflects the involvement in wild parties, susceptibility to drugs, and promiscuity. Disinhibition alone can be normal, but when paired with aggression it can be a sign of psychopathy. The last subscale is boredom susceptibility (BS) defines the aversion sensation seekers have to monotonous tasks and people they find to be boring. For example, Zuckermans stimulus deprivation task found that high sensations seekers, when in a room for any length of time with no visual or auditory stimuli got restless and bored (Zuckerman, 2007). Zuckermans theory for the biological basis of sensation seeking started with his monoamine oxidase (MAO) theory. He hypothesized that high sensation seekers have low MAO compared with low sensation seekers having high levels of MAO. Monoamine oxidase is a neurotransmitter regulator. MAO regulates the level of monoamines which include norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. High levels of MAO result in reduced sensitivity to a stimulus and conversely low levels increase sensitivity. This is because if there are high levels of MAO there are lower levels of monoamines and vice versa. In summary, high sensation seekers have low levels of MAO which result in an increase of sensitivity to stimulus. The negative correlation between MAO levels and sensation seeking is also indicative of a relationship between sensation seeking and the levels of catecholamine. High levels of MAO are found in the limbic system. The limbic system is involved in pleasure and sensitivity to reward. Zuckerman wor ked under the assumption that this sensitivity in high sensation seekers produces alertness and interest in novel stimuli associated with strong orienting responses. He then merged his theory of MAO with another theory that connects the limbic system activity with levels of catecholamine and sensation seeking. It explains that dopamine controls the readiness to explore and approach novel stimuli in the environment and norepinephrine regulates the sensitivity to, or expectation of positive reinforcement (i.e.) norepinephrine and dopamine together are two components of the reward system. The nucleus accumbens (NA) is part of the limbic (reward) system and hypothesized to be the major center for sensation seeking. This may be because there are higher levels of dopamine found in the NA. Therefore, this theory relates the attributes of sensations seeking to low levels of MAO, resulting in high levels of catecholamine (dopamine and norepinephrine) in the limbic system (reward center), whi ch ultimately increases readiness to explore and approach novel stimuli in the environment and sensitivity to stimulus and positive reinforcement (Zuckerman, 1983). An event-related potential (ERP) is a wave form developed by averaging epochs from data collected using an electroencephalogram (EEG) that is a time-locked representation of the voltage activity in the brain reacting to the stimulus presented (Rugg Coles, 1995). ERPs allow analysis of stimulus on a neurological level. Like this study, it can be used with personality constructs or psychological disorders to study their effects on the reaction to stimulus in the environment. The amplitude of different components in the waveform are indicative of the strength of the reaction and the latency represents the time it takes for the reaction to occur. The EEG itself is useful, but almost impossible to use its data because its such a general collection of information. ERPs act as a funnel for important information that fine tunes the data collected with the EEG that result in data that can pin point neurological reaction whether conscious or unconscious. This is another reason ERPs are useful , they allow researchers to collect data that the participant may not even be aware of (Rugg Coles, 1995). N100 (N1) is a negative spike at approximately 100 ms after a stimulus has been presented. N1 amplitude seems to be associated with detection of a stimulus. The onset and offset of a stimulus will elicit a N1 where as the repetition of a stimulus will show a reduction in N1 amplitude. N1 does not explain any content information about the stimulus presented, it will only express when a stimulus is in the environment. Within the confines of this study using the oddball paradigm with auditory stimuli, the N1 could have been increased in amplitude by creating a larger time gap between the presentations of stimulus. Since the N1 is elicited at the onset of stimulus, by increasing the time between auditory tones the recognition of a new stimulus is larger. Another way to manipulate the amplitude of the N1 is to repeat the stimulus in random time intervals for silence length (Atienza et al., 2001). N1 amplitude can also be increased by increasing the intensity or frequency of the continuous stimuli (Naatanen, 1990). Sensation seekers have a stronger curiosity or willingness to investigate novel stimuli which means they will have stronger orienting response (OR). Orienting response occurs when presented with a moderately intense or novel stimulus. Although this study is focusing on standard stimuli it can still be considered novel. Novel, in this regard, does not mean the complexity of the stimuli; it means novel to the participants environment. Sensation seeking has been positively correlated with orienting response to a novel stimulus. According to Naatanen (1990), N1 has high amplitude at the onset and offset of stimulus. It seems to represent the participants initial response to the onset of auditory stimulus which can also described as an orienting response. Research conducted by Atienza et al. (2001), found that components of the N1 were involved in the initiation of an orienting response. Operating on the assumption that N1 is indicative of an orienting response and that high sensation see kers have stronger OR it is hypothesized that those high in sensation seeking will have a shorter latency and higher amplitude at N1 than low sensation seekers. Method Participants Nine undergraduate university students were given course credit to be involved in the study. The male and female participants were recruited from introductory psychology courses. They were required to complete five personality questionnaires. The Eysenck personality questionnaire-revised, agency and affiliation questionnaire, BISBAS, ten item personality inventory, and the sensation seeking scale were used to assess the participants personality traits. From the total sensation seeking score participants were split into two categories: scoring high on sensation seeking (4) and low on sensation seeking (5). Materials The sensation seeking scale is based upon the four subscales of the personality construct: thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility. The scores for these four subscales are added together to give the total sensation seeking score. An electroencephalogram (EEG) was used to record voltage activity in the brain while presenting the participant with auditory stimuli. It is hooked up to an amplifier that projects a variation in voltage over time. The electrodes were placed according to the 10/20 system. This system describes that electrodes are arranged based on their distance from the two main axis: anterior-posterior and the coronal (Rugg Coles, 1995). The electrodes Fz, Cz, Pz, linked mastoids, Fcz (ground), EOG, and Fp2 were used. The linked mastoids were used for references and the EOG and Fp2 were used together to get a bipolar recording. The auditory tones including: a standard high frequency tone, target low frequency tone, and a random sound were presented using an oddball paradigm. The participant was also equipped with headphones and a remote button. Procedure The participant was required to sit in an isolated room with headphones on and listen to a sequence of auditory tones including target stimuli, standard stimuli, and a rare sound. During the presentation of the auditory stimuli the participant was asked to respond to the target tone by pressing the remote button and to essentially ignore the other sounds. The EEG picks up frequencies that are not considered usable data for this study. With the computer program Neuroscan blinks and muscle reactions were removed from the data collected. The EEG is then separated into segments or epochs to represent each time the auditory tone was presented. The base line is manipulated so all recordings were at approximately 0 amplitude. The last step was to average all of the waveforms to produce a graph representing the event-related potential at each electrode. Results On average, low sensation seekers had higher amplitude at N100 and shorter latency than high sensation seekers. Those scoring high on sensation seeking had a longer latency and lower amplitude than low sensation seekers. Table 1: Average amplitude and latency at each electrode for high and low sensation seekers ERP.png Fig. 1: Event-related potential for high and low sensation seekers in reaction to standard stimuli at the Cz electrode Discussion It was thought that those who score high on sensation seeking would have higher amplitude and a shorter latency at the N100. The results contradicted what was hypothesized in that high sensation seekers actually had lower amplitude and a longer latency at N100. From the results, it is speculated that the repetition of stimuli played on one of the components of sensation seeking: boredom susceptibility. To recap, the N100 is indicative of the onset of stimuli in the environment and has no content information. In the perspective of the N100 component and neglecting the differences in the auditory tones presented, the high sensation seeker was presented with stimuli repetitively for an extended period of time. Zuckerman (2007) stated that people high in sensation seeking dislike monotonous tasks which would explain why they would have lower amplitude at N100 than low sensation seekers. When looking at the N100 alone, Nataanen (1990) explained that with repetition of a stimulus there is a decline in N1 amplitude. The presentation of auditory tones to participants was repetitive and would have resulted in lower N100 amplitude for both high and low sensation seekers. It was also shown, in research conducted by Budd et al.(1998), that stimulus presented too closely together will result in a smaller N1 because there is not enough time for neuronal recovery. There also may be a chance, because of the lack of statistical analysis, that there is actually no significant difference between the amplitude at the N1 for high and low sensation seekers. From the research done by Carol et al. (1982) on the correlation between sensation seeking and drug selection based on the optimal level of arousal theory, it can also be speculated that there would be no significant difference between high and lows at the N100. The optimal level of arousal theory would postulate that high sensation seekers, because their optimal level of arousal is higher than low sensation seekers, would choose stimulants over depressive drugs to heighten their level of arousal. It would also be expected that low sensation seekers would be more attracted to depressants because of its dampening effect on arousal levels. Their results showed that high and low sensation seekers both enjoyed the stimulants more. Looking at these results it may be concluded that it is more realistic that there is no significant difference between high and low sensation seekers at N1 (Carol et al., 1982). The sample size was quite small with a total of 9 participants. With a larger sample the results would be more applicable to the general population. The study used male and female participants, but there was no analysis of whether females or males scored higher on sensation seeking or what that meant in terms of the results. This made it so the results and the scores could not be compared on the basis of gender. The age range of participants was limited to 17-19. Also, all of the participants were from introductory psychology courses from the same university. In future research it would be interesting, using ERP, to compare gender and the scores on the sensation seeking scale and how that would affect the results. From previous research it was thought that levels of testosterone correlated to levels of sensation seeking. That higher testosterone, more prevalently in males, had a positive relationship with high levels of sensation seeking (Zuckerman, 2007). In reference to the results in this study and its possible origin from boredom susceptibility, new research could look at the different components of sensation seeking instead of the total score and how that would affect ERP studies. In the research from Zuckermans publications, it was found that the demographic factors that most affected levels of sensation seeking were gender and age, which supports the idea of future research being done with those two aspects (Zuckerman, 2007).

My Interview to My Very First Patient as a Nursing Student

My reflection for 1st PCP visit Recently, I have completed the very first visit for the Patient Care (Feel Link) Project (PCP). The story of Mr Yung, the patient whom I visited, does reveal a less familiar side of the lives of chronic health patients. Giving is receiving. The visit not only provides me with a precious opportunity to care for the people in need, but it is also very enlightening and deepens my understanding about the profession. I am assigned to work with a MBBS year 1 student for the whole project. We visited Mr. Yung at Ruttonjee Hospital on 23rd February, 2011.He is a patient who suffers from chronic asthma, GI impairment and allergic rhinitis. He has also undergone several major operations and these operations bring him numerous long-term defects, ranging from failing to have normal solid food intake to receiving long-term drug treatments. Not difficult is it to imagine he leads an inconvenient life because of his chronic illness. I do feel greatly compassionated a nd empathetic towards his pain. This visit is a precious experience that I can have never come across during lectures, so I cherish this visit much. Throughout the whole visit, Mr.Yung emphasized that he was extremely impoverished and begged us to help him seek help from social workers to ease his financial difficulties. I believe he does not receive sufficient help form the health care professionals, and so he has no choice but to ask us to refer his financial need to the social workers. He told us he was extremely depressed because his senior allowance was not enough to support his vast medical expenses. It is expectable that Mr. Yung could have received more effective treatments and medications with a considerable financial ability. Melancholy and depression achieve nothing but only contribute to deteriorating Mr.Yung’s chronic illness. Social workers shall spare no endeavors to take care of chronic patients like Mr. Yung as they ‘assist people to adjust to the chang es brought by the illness’ (Daly, Speedy & Jackson, 2006, p. 188). It is believed that social workers are of paramount importance to promote social well-being of the patients. As a result, rehabilitation of patients can be facilitated and boosted. The shortage of social workers may be the core problem behind Mr. Yung’s story, and this requires government long-term strategic planning to solve it ultimately.It is expected that an increased number of social workers can provide a more holistic counseling for patients, so their needs are better looked after and catered. Mr. Yung also once expressed his reluctance of transferring to Tung Wah East Hospital because he was deeply disappointed with the terrible service quality of the doctors there. On the one hand, it is understandable that the frontline health care professionals are facing much pressure because of heavy workload and exceedingly long working hours. On the other hand, it is inappropriate and undesirable for them to displace their negative emotions on their patients.It succeeds in nothing but only threatens patients’ trust and obedience to health care professionals. An article suggests ameliorating the quality of health care by adopting the healthy psychology approach, which encourages ‘doctor-patient communication and patient cooperation with treatment’ (Friedman, 2002, p. 72). It is foreseeable that adopting the healthy psychology approach can cultivate the relationship between the health care professionals and patients, so they would be able to develop a better understanding of each other. Eventually, Mr.Yung’s story and the stories of many other suffering patients would cease to exist. I treasure this invaluable patient-visiting opportunity a lot because I know little about hospital setting and patients’ need. This visit does guide me understand the psychological need of patients. As discussed by Friedman (2002), health care should never be limited to me dical aspect, but widened to psychological and social aspects because these three aspects are closely related. The Biopsychosocial Health Psychology Model of Health takes more comprehensive and all-rounded care of patients.In the case of my first visit, better services shall be provided by doctors and social workers under this model. In short, unconditional positive regard is the best means to bring patients love and warmth and it also enhances patients’ rehabilitation and restoration from illness. Health care professionals shall put much heeds on psychosocial aspect, instead of medical only, when delivering their cares to patients. This first visit also gives me a chance to learn collaborating and cooperating with others in work.I am deeply pleased to work with my MBBS partner. Interdisciplinary cooperation between us is trained, sharpened and polished through the visit. I was able to have effective division of labour with my partner, and so productivity and efficiency can b e enhanced. The visit allows me to apply the cooperation skills that I have acquired in lectures. Therefore, I now have a better understanding for my future role as a nurse. Indeed, nurses and doctors are very significant members in the multidisciplinary health care teams.This visit gives me a rough idea that multidisciplinary parties achieve much more than single teams in terms of health care. My partner takes the initiative to provide comprehensive medical knowledge and contribute a lot to the quality of the visit. I come to realize how important collaboration and multidisciplinary are after the visit. All in all, I enjoy every moment of the first PCP visit. It widens my horizons and presents me a more complete picture of my future career role as a nurse. This visit redefines my conception of health care provision.After the visit, I come to understand, apart from medical services, psychological and social elements are crucial integral parts of an all-rounded heath care system. Als o, I find the visit extremely inspirational as I become more aware of collaborating with counterparts when administering health care to patients. Well cooperation can bring better health care services and satisfaction to patients. With concerted effort, it is expected that an inclusive health care provision system would be maturely developed in the foreseeable future.Word count: 998 words References Friedman, H. S. (2002). The Social and Cultural Basis of Health and Illness. In H. S. Friedman (Ed. ), Health Psychology (2nd Ed). (pp. 50-74). NJ: Prentice Hall. Friedman, H. S. (2002). Adaptation to Chronic Illness. In H. S. Friedman (Ed. ), Health Psychology (2nd Ed). (pp. 183-213). NJ: Prentice Hall. Griffiths, R. , & Crookers, P. (2006) Multidusciplinary teams. In J. Daly, S. Speedy & D. Jackson (Eds. ), Contexts of nursing an introduction (2nd Ed). (pp. 184-198). Australia: Elsevier

The Chronicles of Powerpoint Help

The Chronicles of Powerpoint Help PowerPoint Online saves your work every single time you make a shift. A presentation may include sound and visual results. It is definitely an opportunity for a person or company to differentiate their selves from others. Now getting it started is easier than ever. What Everybody Dislikes About Powerpoint Help and Why Literature is among the best options, as you experience a chance to present the life span of a famed writer or the sum of their novels. Creating one of these presentations can cost your business a great deal of time, and subsequently money, but as they are unquestionably integral to the modern way company is run, it's an essential undertaking. Successful presentations are able to serve a number of objectives for instance, instruction targets, hiring, advertising and marketing and assessing overall performance. Using Powerpoint Help To create customized animations, you will require the PowerPoint desktop app installed on you r PC. Among the more important methods for PowerPoint presentations is to be certain to use high-quality photos and graphics. PowerPoint has some nifty premium quality transitions but additionally, there are some that are quite busy and distracting. Many PowerPoint themes have more than 1 color scheme that it is possible to be applicable to your presentation. How to Choose Powerpoint Help GoToMeeting support is here to assist. In the event the presentation doesn't look the manner that you expect after you try these steps, attempt to apply the damaged presentation for a template. Your presentation is going to be written according to all of your specifications and exceed your expectations. Stand out from different presentations. Finally you must have leadership. More productive is more focused and can perform much better. These quick PowerPoint Presentation tips are a few of my favorite approaches to rapidly enhance a presentation. At this point you know the fundamental steps of producing and directing a basic PowerPoint presentation. Before you understand it, you will be a Microsoft PowerPoint guru and you're going to be helping out other men and women that are beginners themselves. Marketing you'll need to reveal a whole marketing strategy in only a couple of slides. Microsoft PowerPoint is a contemporary computer program constructed for creating slideshow presentations. If you would like to purchase PowerPoint presentation achieved by the most skillful writers online, is prepared to help you at this time! The Advantages of Powerpoint Help The Powerpoint help database will give you with a variety of alternatives. The content is going to be of high standard. You may access it by clicking on the help. Type a merchandise and press Enter to find another bullet. The Secret to Powerpoint Help The very first method to put in a slide is to right-click the region under where your very first slide is situated and select `New Slide'. Keep in mind, you may always add another slide. You are going to see your new slide appear to the left under the very first, as well turn into the huge slide that you are able to edit. Poor PowerPoint slides will lead to a dissatisfied audience. Pick a slide you want to copy. You'll observe a mix of qualities you may not know about, and get tips on altering your slide design to produce your content shine. Content add-ins integrate web-based features as content that may be shown in keeping with a presentation. There are a couple of methods you may add more slides. If you're an excellent communicator of important messages, you will never go hungry. Most themes include a collection of content layouts that it is possible to use as a starting point for your own slide designs. PowerPoint is a versatile portion of the Office suite. If you wish to make and edit a simple presentation in PowerPoint, you can do it with only a few clicks. Fortunately, PowerPoint presentations aren't as difficult as they seem. Information about how to make your PowerPoint presentation accessible.

Eating Disorders And Anorexia Nervosa - 782 Words

Binge Eating Disorder is a recent addition to the DSM-5. This disorder is characterized by regular episodes of binge eating. An individual experiencing this disorder will usually not Binge use compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting or over-exercising after they binge eat. Many people with Binge Eating Disorder are overweight or obese. (Butcher, Hooley, J. M., Mineka, 2013). Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia nervosa is a mental illness that is characterized by an unrealistic fear of weight gain, self-starvation, and conspicuous distortion of body image. The individual with the disorder becomes obsessed with becoming increasingly thinner and will limits food intake to the point where their health is compromised (Butcher, Hooley, J. M., Mineka, 2013). Similarities The eating disorders Binge Eating Disorder and Anorexia Nervosa appear to be very different from each other, however there at least two similarities between the two disorder. One similarity between the two disorders is that the individuals suffering from the disorder usually feel as though they have very little control over their life. (American Psychiatric Association 2013). Another similarity between the two disorders is that for both disorder women are more likely to be diagnose with Binge Eating Disorder and Anorexia Nervosa. (American Psychiatric Association 2013). Differences Difference between the two eating disorders include but are not limited to age, food intake, suicideShow MoreRelatedEating Disorder : Anorexia Nervosa1622 Words   |  7 Pages Bulimia Nervosa To be diagnosed with eating disorder, someone must meet certain criteria. 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Victims of anorexia become fixated on their body image and overly critical about their flaws and weight. Even being obviously underweight, Anorexics will continuously deny that they have a problem and continue with their fatal practices.Read MoreEating Disorders : Anorexia Nervosa1462 Words   |  6 Pagessuffer from many illnesses, one in particular is eating disorders. There are many types of eating disorders, but there are three common ones that are known today, which are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Eating disorders are not healthy, thi s type of disease can be very fatal and crucial to one s health   mentally, physically, and socially. The purpose of this report is to provide background information about eating disorders, strategies to prevent this illness from occurring

Why the Versailles Treaty Failed to Bring Peace and Stability

Why the Versailles Treaty failed to bring peace and stability On June 28th 1919, the â€Å"Big Three†, Georges Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson, and David Lloyd George, on behalf of Great Britain, the United States, and France, had formulated a peace treaty called Versailles Treaty to end the four-year-long First Word War, establishing the famous â€Å"Versailles System†. The purpose of the system is to build a peaceful world dominated by the victor countries, such as Great Britain, the United States and France. Therefore, the treaty harshly punished the losing countries, like Germany, Austria, and Hungary, making them decline in power. Every country participated in the Paris Conference with its own goals, and all countries, especially the three biggest†¦show more content†¦Actually, the decline in power never means the decline in conflict. Suppression and punishment, without education, can never make a country give up the use of violent in a long time. At the same time, the pricey compensation aggravates the economic crisis d uring the Depression period in those defeated countries, because their economic powers were weaken by the pricey bill. That’s the partly reason why some losing countries, especially German, accepted Fascism, since their economy and industrial sector experienced economic depression in those years, and their governments were too weak to stand against the expansion of Fascism. By contraries, countries with powerful economic resources, like America, protected their democracy and government, getting rid of dictatorship and Fascism. In the second place, the Versailles Treaty was only a result of compromise for those victor countries, leaving none of them fully satisfied about the new world order set by the treaty. The bad negotiation also led to the Appeasement Policy, which indulged the military expansion of German. It is easily understand the losing countries felt dissatisfied about the treaty for they are unfairly punished. However, why those victor countries also didn’t support the system in many parts? To answer this question, people need to have a basic knowledge about what are they want to achieve in the conference. Actually, each country had their own unique perspective of the war, and asShow MoreRelatedEssay on A2 History Coursework1581 Words   |  7 Pagesfour passages and your own knowledge, asses the view that international diplomacy failed to achieve stability in Europe from 1919 to 1930. According to most of the interpretations, international diplomacy wasn’t the reason to why there was stability in Europe between 1919 to 1930. After the First World War many countries were unstable and economically drained. 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The Treaty of Versailles, the rise of Hitler, the rise of Japan as a world power, the rise of fascism in Italy and the League of Nations were all factors which contributed to the cause of World War II. The Treaty of Versailles was a peace settlement between Germany and the Allied Powers that officially ended World War I. However, the conditions in the treaty were so harsh on Germany that many believe the Treaty of Versailles was one of the main causes for the eventualRead MoreThe Reasons For Adolf Hitler s Rise Of Power As The Chancellor Of Germany3897 Words   |  16 Pagesthat Hitler was a key factor in starting the Second World War and he was certainly accountable for the millions of deaths that occurred in his death camps. It is for these reasons that so many people are fascinated by his incredible rise to power and why it is vital to understand how extremist parties have gained support in the past as they still exist, and can thrive, in the present. As the recent economic recession in the United Kingdom has demonstrated, there has been a small rise in support forRead MoreThe Treaty Of Trianon : A Disastrous World War2155 Words   |  9 PagesThe Treaty of Trianon Once the devastating, disastrous World War I had ended at the eleventh hour in the morning of November 11, 1918, peace treaties ensued and the post-war boundaries of Europe were redrawn. In 1919, the â€Å"Big Four†- David Lloyd George of England, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, and President Woodrow Wilson from the United States, convened to discuss how the enemies, predominantly Germany, would pay for the damage of the aftermath of the total war. AlthoughRead MorePeace - from what source.? Essay2771 Words   |  12 Pages GLOBAL PEACE – FROM WHAT SOURCE? Song 65 1 MULTITUDES YEARN FOR GLOBAL PEACE On 28 June 1914 a hand grenade was rolled beneath a car travelling in a motorcade in the city of Sarajevo in Yugoslavia. The grenade missed its intended target and exploded beneath the following car, injuring several people. The first car continued on its way and the occupants attended a welcome ceremony at the Sarajevo Town Hall. Just a short time later, the VIPs from the first car decided to visit theRead MoreDiscuss the successes and failures of the Weimar republic from 1919 to 19292058 Words   |  9 PagesWeimar republic from 1919 to 1929 had many successes and failures, starting in chaos and ending in relative stability. However, due to individual perspective these successes and failures were often viewed as both successes and failures- not either. Class, political leanings and other moralistic beliefs, primarily influenced the individuals perspectives. Overall, due to the relative stability, (the aim of any government) primarily achieved by Stresemans influence, the successes outweighed the failuresRead MoreEssay on Hitlers Rise to Power3943 Words   |  16 Pageseconomy is usually failing due to all the damage and destruction to industries and the loss of life during the war. However, Germany‘s economy failed considerably worse than expected. A few years after war ended, German politicians forcefully signed the Peace Treaties that had a terrible impact on Germany. By signing the Treaty, Germany had agreed to accept its terms. Germany had to loose all its colonies, disarm but most harsh of all it had to pay reparations. Read MoreWhy Did the League of Nations Fail?14508 Words   |  59 PagesSociety Conference, 9-10 September 2005, Historical Center of the former Imperial Ottoman Bank, Istanbul. WHY DID THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS FAIL? INTRODUCTION The economic and political instability of the interwar period and the rise of authoritarian regimes are often seen as extensions of World War I and the Great Depression. The League of Nations, in turn, is usually seen as an organization that failed to act adequately during the various political crises of the period, beginning with the Japanese aggressionRead MoreEssay about Adolf Hitler3455 Words   |  14 Pagesexclaiming quot; in these days the hatred grew in me, hatred for those responsible for this deed.quot; (Stewart p.31). Hitler promised to get back at people for those who had been responsible for Germanys defeat. ! With the signing of the Treaty of Versaille, Hitler blamed the defeat of Germany on the Jews, Communists, and the weak Weimar government. This is the government which held power following Germanys defeat. With his strong hatred for the Communists, the Jews, and the weak government, Hitler

The Age Discrimination Free Essays

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) defines age discrimination, or ageism, as organizational decision-making that takes into account the age of employees when making decisions of employee benefits (Sawyer, 2017). In the past decade, even more cases of age discrimination have surfaced, causing businesses and companies money, time and credibility. (Doyle, 2018). We will write a custom essay sample on The Age Discrimination or any similar topic only for you Order Now Regardless of age, employers should be judged based on their performances and qualifications. Though it is illegal, companies still act in unethical ways, offering different pay and benefits, job assignments, and even termination or layoffs because of age (Sawyer, 2017). As of 2017, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) reported that about 21 percent of discrimination complaints were regarding age (Doyle, 2018). Employees must receive the same benefits regardless of age, the only exception being when the cost of providing supplemented benefits to young workers is the same as providing reduced benefits to older workers (Doyle, 2018). Laws protect some personal rights, for those who believe they are discriminated against, and companies face serious consequences. The ADEA protects applicants and employees who are 40 years of age or older from employment discrimination based on age, and applies to private employers with 20 or more employees, state and local governments, employment agencies, labor organizations and the federal government (EEOC Publication). According to case statistics reported on the EEOC, there was an increase in the number of age discrimination cases filed between 2005 and 2015 (Sawyer, 2017). Google Inc, the infamous technology company, is known as one of toughest companies to land a job with. Google is also known for its start-up mentality and flat organizational structure, which means that there are few or no levels of middle management. Like all other companies and organizations, leaders at Google set the standards and decide whether the company will be ethical or not. Google found themselves fighting against age-discrimination lawsuits, having the first filed in 2007, followed by the second known case in 2015. These two cases offer insight into the implications of accommodating an aging workforce (Sawyer, 2017). In the first case, the plaintiff, Brian Reid was an employee who claimed he suffered age discrimination at the job (Sawyer, 2017). Reid claimed he encountered ageist attitudes from both coworkers and management, which resulted in termination after a performance review. (Sawyer, 2017). This caused Google’s reputation to become tainted, and they suffered financial costs. Work ethics and behaviors trickle down to employees, and Google was found guilty of illegally discriminating against someone because of their age. In 2015, Robert Health also filed a case against Google, claiming unfair employment practices and was convinced his age was the reasoning. Many workers want to work for Google because the company is perceived as one of the best firms to work for and the employees define the company’s capabilities, such as the capability to innovate rapidly (Meyer, 2017). It is pertinent for companies to create â€Å"age fair† work environments (Sawyer, 2017). Leaders create and shape company culture through their behaviors. The age discrimination concerns for Google are severe because it affects the company’s organizational functioning. Inclusive leadership means venturing beyond one’s own perspective, and always doing the right thing. There are solutions and options to reduce age discrimination, and Google, like other companies benefit from making better ethical decisions. If companies are aware of the law, have clear policies, evaluating employee performances, and training staff at all levels of the organization, discrimination can be avoided. It infringes of employees’ rights of fair treatment. Not hiring someone because they are older could potentially cost employers the years of experience and older worker may have. Workers may even be concerned that once they hit a certain age, they may lose their job or be terminated. Clear guidelines for employers and aging workers, alike, regarding their right and responsibilities need to also set forth to ensure a fair and age equitable workplace (Sawyer, 2017). The company also needs to proactively review on a continual basis and ensure non-ageist practices in the workplace (Sawyer, 2017). By doing so, this decreases the feeling of insecurity by the employees. Policies and codes of ethics are significant in businesses because they are essentially management tools for organizational values. Ethical leadership and reasoning can help companies gain the respect of employees and customers, which is an indirect link to profits for the business. Organizations that are effective, customer-centric, and employee-oriented, develop a clear, concise and shared meaning of values/beliefs, priorities, and direction within their organization (Doyle, 2017). Communication, integrity, inclusion, and sensitivity to the needs of the employees round out the qualities and characteristics of an inspirational leader. The capacity to impart enthusiasm, reason, and significance to others sets up the helpful culture of an organization (Heathfield, 2018). Promoting diversity in the workplace benefits employers because such organizational strategic planning promotes a positive work environment, which stimulates organizational productivity (Sawyer, 2017). Having this type of workplace environment allows employees to be divers in age, skillsets, levels of creativity, and open-mindedness. When employees have different perspectives and ideas are not uniformed, it allows diversity amongst the organization. If leaders respect all workers, give them access to the same opportunities, promote the most qualified candidates, and quickly address issues of stereotypes or unfortunate language, for example, it’s easier to create a healthy corporate culture. Organizations are denied to subject workers to unreasonable treatment or unmitigated segregation in view of these legitimately secured qualities (Doyle, 2017). Proactively avoiding age discrimination in the workplace requires organizations and businesses to incorporate discrimination and diversity training. Aside from training, it’s important to clearly define policies and set expectations for what will occur if a violation happens (Doyle, 2017). Because workplace ethics set the standards for the behavior of organizations, any type of discrimination in a company is seen as unethical. Discrimination is closely related to corporate social responsibility because this determines the moral behavior of the leaders and employees. Employers do not have the right to discriminate. The more developed an organization is, the likelihood of unethical behavior to occur is less likely. How to cite The Age Discrimination, Papers

The Experience of Swimming free essay sample

The Experience of Swimming What is Swimming? Swimming is a sport or activity of moving ones body through water. I will be writing about my experiences of swimming, good and bad. Personally, I love swimming because I love being In the water. I started swimming when I was 6 years old. And at first I thought that swimming was a scary thing to do, but It was a fun experience. First, Im going to tell you about my bad experience about swimming. When I was about 4 years old: and it was the time that I didnt know how to swim. So a kid who was being a jerk pushed me into a pool.When falling into the pool, the water pushed me down from all sides. Like splashing around for no reason; though it looked like Im having trouble. In the water, pushing up, down, left and right as nothing made any sense to me. We will write a custom essay sample on The Experience of Swimming or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The more I struggled, the more I get disoriented as I pushed myself up with my arms and legs. As I couldnt find leverage, I was slowing going under into the deep blue. My lungs burned for more air as my ears shocks and numbs. As how it felt that I tried to keep the air In me, It burst out of my mouth as bubbles reaching up the surface of the pool.My face was looking up; gasping for air. Not knowing what would happen next, everything around me Just turned black. Complete utter darkness with no sound at all. But then again, there was a light coming towards to me. It wants me to come back. Through my unconscious state, I went there and woke up: coughing out water from the concrete floor. As I opened my eyes, it was blurry and I could hear again. Hearing my parents cry and also the other kids parents shouting at him. For what he did wrong, he was also crying. As for the person who had saved me from the pool of darkness, was my cousin.She Just got back home from school and noticed that I was at the pool. So she Just quickly ran to the pool, threw her backpack and took off her shoes to dive in and get me out quickly. Thanks to her, I was brought back alive but fear of swimming took place in my mind. Scared and frightened I was. Next, Im going to tell you about my good experience about swimming. To overcome my fear from swimming, I had to go back Into that pool where I was drowned. When entering the pool, It feels as If Ice Is circulating around the body. Then later on, I feel warm all of a sudden.It felt weird. In the pool, I am about two and a half feet above the water; I stare at it, and it stares right back at me. When the wind started to blow, it feels cool and chill around my wet body. As I was still in the water, there was a scent of chlorine. From the height of the pool, the black tile that runs down the center of every lane appears to me as a runway. In Just a few seconds I will be moving down that runway, trying to take off above the water. My eyes will be focused on that tile, to make sure I am in the center of my lane.I can see he water grinning and laughing at me now; I am standing on the block with my knees almost to the point of shaking. Right now, it is so calm and smooth, beckoning me to dive In. But In Just a few seconds, I gave into diving underwater. It was awesome to the point that It felt a wave pushing through you. It was a good experience I had for swimming. Though I had horrible experience swimming when I was young, over the years Eve learned to conquer and overcome the fear of swimming, as I grew older. All in all, swimming was a fun experience in the end.